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1)2 To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 要想了解一个社会最重要的特征，人们必须研究这个社会主要的城市。 2)5 Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 结论：政府需要给社会主要城市提供财政支持，来保证其繁荣发展。 原因：一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以传承和发展。 3)8 Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. 结论：如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。 原因：对于任何机构，最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新。 4)9 In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. 任何研究领域，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响，就不可能会有意义重大的成功。 5)11 Peoples behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. 人们的行为多是被外界力量所左右，难以被自己控制。 6)12 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition. 对任何被大学录取但无法承担学费的学生，政府应该为他们提供免费大学教育。 7)13 Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study. 大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。 8)16 Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. 有些人认为，为了保证效力，政治领袖一定要屈从民众意见，为妥协而放弃原则。也有人认为，有效力的领导者一定具备持续 坚定自己原则和目标的能力。 9)17 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. 正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放思维和精神。 10)18 The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. 当很多人都质疑权威时，社会才会繁荣昌盛。 11)20 Some people believe that college students should consid