2003年度诺贝尔物理奖获得者.pptVIP

计算机 经济学 网络信息传媒 多媒体培训课件友情提供 Gamma-ray Bursts  Compact Stars T Lu (陆 埮) Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 2003年度诺贝尔物理奖获得者 俄罗斯元老物理学家 87岁的V L Ginzburg 认为?暴是 最重要的10大天体物理问题之一 Contents Observational Features Toward Standard Model Fireball Internal - External Shock Model Standard Condition Origin Energy Source Recent Developments Selected Topics Observations GRBs The Discovery of ?-ray Bursts Vela5b Observational Features Detection Rate: 1 or 2 /day Temporal Features Spectral Features Spatial Features Afterglows Temporal Features Profiles Complicated and irregular Multi-peaked or single-peaked Durations (T) ～ 5 ms to ～ 5×103 s , Typically ～ 10 s Variabilities (?T) ～ 1ms , even ～0.1ms , Typically ～ 10-2 T Examples of GRBs Profiles complicated Duration ～ ms - 1000 s Variability ～ 1ms even ～0.2ms Spectral Features Photon Energy Range: ～ 10 keV to ～ 10 GeV Typically: ～ 0.1 to 1 MeV Non-thermal: N(E)dE∝E-αdE, α≈1.8 - 2 High Energy Tail: no sharp cutoff above 1 MeV Fluence: Typically ～ (0.1 to 10)×10-6 ergs/cm2 A Typical Spectrum Schaefer et al 1998 GRB910503 Spectra, Examples Photon energy: 10keV – 10GeV Non-thermal， power law No cutoff at high energy Spatial distribution of GRBs since 1992 Spatial Distribution --- BATSE Highly isotropic Lack of Weak GRBs Slope(strong):~ –3/2 Slope(weak): ~ – 0.6 For uniform distribution： slope= –3/2 Durations of GRBs are very short, difficult to arrange detailed observations. They occur at random spatially and temporally, difficult to prepare in advance. Except prompt gamma-ray (and maybe weak X-ray), no counterpart on other wave band was found before 1997, difficult to be identified through other wave band with other objects of known distances