纳米材料学_14，15 IC.ppt

Introduction to the Nanoworld A Journey into the Integrated Circuits The Beginning of Computer Father of Computing Born December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire UK, Died 1871, London; Known to some as the Father of Computing for his contributions to the basic design of the computer through his Analytical machine. His previous Difference Engine was a special purpose device intended for the production of tables. Machine which can Perform Calculation The idea of creating a machine which can automatically perform mathematical calculations has been around for a long time. In 1830s, English mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage proposed a programmable machine, called the Analytical Engine, which would be controlled by punched cards. Although Babbage never succeeded in building a working model, the Analytical Engine is generally considered to be the original ancestor of the general-purpose digital computer. Problems that Babbage Faced Babbage’s ideas were sound but the machine required a mass of gear wheels. The tolerances to which these gears had to be produced and assembled were simply beyond the manufacturing capabilities of the time. The underlying reason was that the machine dealt with numbers in base ten. Require ten different digits 0 to 9 to represent a number. Ten possibilities to choose from so extreme degree of mechanical precision is required. Hence the ideal number system is binary. Only two digits, 0 and 1. At any stage only need to differentiate between one of two possible states. All that is needed is a switch which can be on one of two positions, either on or off. Vacuum Tube or Valve BY heating the negative electrode (cathode), electrons are emitted. These electrons travel along the vacuum tube, attracted by the positive electrode (anode) at the other end. Consequently, a current flows through the tube. A third electrode (Grid) controls the flow of electrons to the anode. By controlling the grid, we can control whether or not a current f