帕金经济学第9版课件Ch01-9e-lecture.pptVIP

Definition of Economics All economic questions arise because we want more than we can get. Our inability to satisfy all our wants is called scarcity. Because we face scarcity, we must make choices. The choices we make depend on the incentives we face. An incentive is a reward that encourages an action or a penalty that discourages an action. Definition of Economics Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments, and entire societies make as they cope with scarcity and the incentives that influence and reconcile those choices. Economics divides in to main parts: Microeconomics Macroeconomics Definition of Economics Microeconomics Microeconomics is the study of choices that individuals and businesses make, the way those choices interact in markets, and the influence of governments. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is the study of the performance of the national and global economies. Two Big Economic Questions Two big questions summarize the scope of economics: How do choices end up determining what, how, and for whom goods and services get produced? When do choices made in the pursuit of self-interest also promote the social interest? Two Big Economic Questions What, How, and For Whom? Goods and services are the objects that people value and produce to satisfy human wants. What? Agriculture accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. production, manufactured goods for 20 percent, and services for 80 percent. In China, agriculture accounts for 10 percent of total production, manufactured goods for 50 percent, and services for 40 percent. Two Big Economic Questions Figure 1.1 shows these numbers for the United States and China. It also shows the numbers for Brazil. What determines these patterns of production? How do choices end up determining the quantity of each item produced in the United States and around the world? Two Big Economic Questions How? Goods and services are produced by using productive re