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Chapter 9 Nuclear Physics Applications The short history of the nuclear physics §9.1 the basic properties of the nuclei §9.1 the basic properties of the nuclei The electrons, protons and neutrons which make up an atom have definite charges and masses Element: atoms with the same atomic number Z Isotope: the same elements with different neutron number; Nuclide: a type of atoms specified by its atomic number, atomic mass, and energy state. Chart of Nuclide Isotopic Abundances by Mass Spectrometry §9.2 radioactivity The nucleus decays are quantum statistical behaviors. It is impossible to predict which nucleus will be the next one who decays. It is possible to predict how many nuclei will decay in a certain time. Radioactive Half-Life Examples of half life time Activity: the intensity of radioactive source The most common types of radiation are called ?, ? and ? radiations, and several other varieties of radiation decays Penetration of matter ? radioactivity Alpha Barrier Penetration Alpha Tunneling Model Alpha Binding Energy Warning Beta Radioactivity Beta decay can be seen as the decay of one of the neutrons to a proton via the weak interaction. The use of a weak interaction Feynman diagram can clarify the process. The beta decay: Positron and Neutrino Beta Energy Spectrum From the Fermi theory of beta decay, the shape of the energy distribution for this allowed transition is given approximately by the expression: Gamma Radioactivity Gamma Radioactivity Other Radioactive Processes Radioactive Decay Paths §9.3 Nuclear reactions Reaction energy Some Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Binding Energy curve Nuclear Fission Uranium Fuel Light Water Reactors Heavy Water Reactors Fissionable Isotopes History of U-235 Fission §9.4 Radioactive dating in Archeology Dating in Geography Radioactive dating Carbon Dating Carbon dating Clocks in the rocks Potassium-Argon Method Rubidium-Strontium From an example by Jelley, the following five chondritic meteorites are reported to
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