隧道风险管理(中英对照).pdfVIP

RISK MANAGEMENT FOR TUNNELS 隧道风险管理 1. INTRODUCTION The main risks during operation are inflow of water, earthquakes, collapse and above all fire. The most probable loss scenario for underground traffic facilities (tunnels, railway stations) is an uncontrollable fire. There are two main causes for tunnels fire: either they are caused by technical defects or they are the result of a traffic accident. When a fire burnt out of control, people are in acute danger on account of the toxic fumes, immense heat, severely restricted visibility, and inadequate possibilities for escape and evacuation and as a result of panic on part of those affects. Fire is 20 times more likely to break out in a road tunnel than in a railway tunnel. 1．简介 运营中主要风险是进水、地震、倒塌，当然最重要的是火灾。 对于地下交通设施（隧道、地铁站），最有可能的损失情况是失去控制的火灾。 隧道火灾有两个主要原因，技术缺陷和交通事故。 当火灾发生并失去控制时，人们会面临极大的危险，由于：有毒气体、强烈的热度、严重 的视觉限制，微小的逃生和撤退的可能和由于上面原因引起的恐慌后果。 2.LOSS ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS HISTORICAL TUNNEL FIRES Cause (fire load) Train derailed, locomotive fire Kitchen fire in dining car Collision Collision, lorry (ether) Tanker truck collision (33,000 liters of fuel) Lorry fire (plastic sheeting) Crash involving 3 lorries and 5 cars (fuel) Fire caused by discarded match Crash Short-circuit in the electrical system of one of the wagons Tanker truck collided with rear of minibus and exploded Lorry fire on freight train Bus fire Lorry fire (margarine, flour), fire due to technical defects Collision between 2 cars and 1 lorry; lorry does not come to a halt at road works (paint) Probably technical defect in heating fan Collision between 2 lorries Fire started in a wagon by an arsonist Tunnel was equipped with following safety features:  Hydrants and fire-fighting equipment every 106 m  Refuge chambers with two portable fire extinguishers and a telephone every