胶体化学(第3章).pptVIP

Chapter 3. Osmotic Pressure and Donnan Equilibrium (渗透压与Donnan平衡） 3.1 Focus of this chapter Osmotic Pressure Donnan effect Donnan Equilibrium Ocmotic pressure affected by Donnan equilibrium Osmotic pressure measures the ability of the flow of solvent. If put pressure P1 and P2 on the surface of the solvent and solution. ⊿P = P2－P1， ⊿P π，Osmosis ⊿P =π，Equilibrium ⊿P π, Reverse osmosis How Osmotic pressure comes ？ This effect is the Donnan effect. This state is the Donnan equilibrium. In this case it is the polyelectrolyte(聚电解质) maintains the concentrations in its environment against the chemical potential gradient. When NaCI is added to outside of the membrane， Na+ and Cl－ have to pass through the membrane together. m2－concentration of NaCI. (mol/L) When NaCI is reached in equilibrium, the chemical potential of NaCI is equal in both side of the membrane. ?NaCl（in）= ?ˊNaCl（out） ( 3 ) RT ln a NaCl = RT ln aˊNaCl （4） a －activity Eq.(4) can be as a Na+? a C l -＝ a′Na + ? a′C l - (5) For dilute solution a may be substituted by concentration x. Due to a extra osmotic pressure produced by NaCI, therefore the osmotic pressure is reduced. For eq.(8) when m1m2，the concentration of NaCI is extremely low，the osmotic pressure produced by NaCI may be neglected. When m1m2，concentration of NaCl is equal at both sides of the membrane, the effect of the polyelectrolyte may be neglected and no Donnan effect. * 3.2 Osmotic Pressure Osmotic pressure is a property of solution of organic or inorganic solutes and appears in a number of contexts in the study of colloidal systems. Osmotic pressure is independent of size and shape of particles. Why? Only the solvent can flow through the membrane and attempt to equalize the concentration difference. 1. Osmotic pressure of ideal solution(理想溶液) Osmotic pressure： The pressure necessary to stop this flow of solvent. π π Flow amount of solven