Chapter From Word to Text 语言学概论 培训讲解.pptVIP

Coordination Coordination is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or . These two or more words or phrases or clauses have equivalent syntactic status, each of the separate constituents can stand for the original construction functionally. Coordination of NPs: [NP the lady] or [NP the tiger] Coordination of VPs: [VP go to the library] and [VP read a book ] Coordination of PPs: [PP down the stairs] and [PP out the door ] Coordination of APs: [AP quite expensive] and [AP very beautiful] Coordination of Ss: [S John loves Mary] and [S Mary loves John too]. Subordination Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. two ?dogs ???????? ?Head (My brother) can drink (wine). Head Swimming in the lake (is fun). Head (The pepper was) hot beyond endurance. Head Subordinate clauses Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents. There are three basic types of subordinate clauses: complement clauses adjunct (or adverbial) clauses relative clauses John believes [that the airplane was invented by an Irishman]. (complement clause) Elizabeth opened her presents [before John finished his dinner]. (adverbial clause) The woman [that I love] is moving to the south. (relative clause) 3. Syntactic Function The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. Names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicators, modifiers, complements, etc. 3.1 Subject In some languages, subject refers to one of the noun