Session 3--- Schema Theory （W.6）.pptVIP

Session 3 （第6周使用） Schema Theory (图式理论) Schema theory All human beings possess categorical rules or scripts that they use to interpret the world. New information is processed according to how it fits into these rules, called schema. These schema can be used not only to interpret but also to predict situation occurring in our environment. Information that does not fit into these schema may not be comprehended, or may not be done correctly. 图式论认为，人们在理解新事物、构建新概念的时候，需要与过去的、已知的经历，即背景知识联系起来，对新事物的认知必须建立在头脑中已经形成的图式的基础上，新输入的信息必须与原有图式相吻合。图式是在旧经验与新信息相互衔接的基础上，通过同化与顺应而形成。 同化作用就是把新信息纳入原有图式，使图式不断扩大、升级；顺应则是当知识结构、信息来源发生变化、原有的图式无法再同化新信息，而必须通过协调，重新整合等，才能被纳入原有信息，从而建立新的图式。 图式理论强调新、旧信息的相互融合，它重视新信息在图式的扩大过程中的作用，也强调背景知识对图式建立的基础性作用。图式理论就是利用学习者头脑中原有的知识建构去学习新知识的一种便利学习方式，它是记忆学习的一个重要分支。 Schema Theory Schema theory was developed by R. C. Anderson, a respected educational psychologist . Schemata are cognitive or mental structures by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize the environment. This learning theory views organized knowledge as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent ones understanding of the world. The term “schema”was first used by Piaget in 1926, so it was not an entirely new concept. More definitions: A schema is a knowledge structure. It can be a concept or a set of concepts. It can be about objects, ideas, or phenomena You may have a schema for a desk that includes the characteristics of desks and mental image of a typical desk. Similarly, you may have a schema for going to a movie that includes such things as buying a ticket,smelling popcorn,and so on. Significance Schema theory emphasizes the role of pre-existing knowledge that is implicit in a text. While reading, the reader forms expectations based on prior- knowledge of texts and the world and seeks to confirm these on the basis of input from the text. Meaning is not fully present in a text waiting to be decoded. Rather, meaning is created through the interaction of text