乳腺癌的诊断和治疗讲解课件.pptVIP

* 17. Breast Cancer This patient has breast cancer. The “peau d’orange” or dimpling effect of the skin is apparent. * 14. Breast Cancer: Horizontal Mammography * 15. Breast Cancer: Vertical Mammography * 13. Breast Cancer: Screening Mammography Screening mammography has been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality by up to 30% among women in their 50s and by 18% among women in their 40s. The slide shows the American Cancer Society guidelines for screening mammography. * 18. Breast Cancer: Mammography This mammogram shows a confirmed breast carcinoma. This lesion is a 2 cm dense nodule with spiky borders and microcalcification. * 33. Tumor definitions This slide further delineates the breakdown in staging of the primary tumor. * 32. Breast Cancer: TNM Stage Grouping The current breast cancer staging system is the 5th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) system, sponsored jointly by the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, the College of American Pathologists, and the American Colleges of Physicians, Radiology, and Surgeons. The AJCC system is a clinical and pathologic staging system based on the TNM system. T refers to tumor, N to nodes, and M to metastasis. * 31. Breast Cancer: Sites of Distant Metastases The most common initial sites of metastases are the skin and soft tissues of the chest wall and axilla or supraclavicular area (local-regional recurrence) and bone. The next most common sites of the first metastatic presentation are lung and liver; the central nervous system is an uncommon site of first metastasis. * 40. Breast Cancer: Commonly Assessed Prognostic Factors A prognostic factor is defined as a biologic or clinical measurement associated with disease-free or overall survival in the absence of adjuvant systemic therapy. The most useful prognostic factor is the number of positive axillary lymph nodes based on a level I/II (or higher) axillary dissection and detailed histologic evaluati