病理学教材内分泌9th.ppt
Carcinoma Folicular In 1835 Robert Graves reported on his observations of a disease characterized by “violent and long continued palpitations in females” associated with enlargement of the thyroid gland. This very common disorder is estimated to affect 1.5% to 2.0% of women in the United States. 大致分两种类型。一类为非浸润性眼病,主要系交感神经兴奋眼外肌群和上睑肌所致;另一类为浸润性眼病,表现为眶内和球后组织容积增加、淋巴细胞浸润、水肿和突眼。 球后和眼外肌周围的结缔组织炎症浸润,水肿,脂肪增生。 (1)非浸润性突眼:非浸润性突眼的眼征主要有: ①上眼睑挛缩;②眼裂增宽(Dalrymple征);③上眼睑移动滞缓(vonGraefe征):眼睛向下看时上眼睑不能及时随眼球向下移动,可在角膜上缘看到白色巩膜;④瞬目减少和凝视;⑤惊恐眼神;⑥向上看时,前额皮肤不能皱起(Joffroy征);⑦两眼内聚减退或不能(Mobius征)。眼部的体征还有很多,可根据需要尽量作多项试验,因为有些试验可为阴性,而另一些试验则为阳性。 (2)浸润性突眼:患者有明显的自觉症状,如畏光、流泪、复视、视力减退、眼部肿痛、刺痛、异物感等。检查可发现视野缩小,斜视,眼球活动受限,甚至固定。眼球明显突出,突眼度一般在22mm以上,两侧可不对称。由于眼球明显突出,眼睛不能闭合,结膜,角膜外露而引起充血、水肿,角膜溃疡等。重者可出现全眼球炎、甚至失明。少数患者的突眼可不明显,但有明显畏光、流泪、复视、结膜充血水肿及眼球活动障碍。 . Pathogenesis of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Breakdown of immune tolerance to thyroid autoantigens results in progressive autoimmune destruction of thyrocytes by infiltrating cytotoxic T cells, locally released cytokines, or antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Normal thyroid follicles appear at the lower right. The follicular adenoma is at the center to upper left. This adenoma is a well- differentiated neoplasm because it closely resemble normal tissue. The follicles of the adenoma contain colloid, but there is greater variability in size than normal. later). Fine needle aspiration上图 肾小管基底膜增厚 肾小管基底膜增厚 (PAS 染色) (trichrome 染色) 肾小管基底膜增厚 结节性肾小球硬化 (PAS 染色) 结节性肾小球硬化 糖尿病肾病终末期 视网膜病变 视网膜病变 白内障 糖尿病病人溃疡 下肢坏疽 下肢坏疽 临床特点 代谢异常 多饮、多食、多尿、体重减轻(三多一少) 常见死亡原因 心肌梗死 肾功能不全 脑血管意外 甲状腺是人体最大内分泌器官,位于甲状软骨下方、气管的两旁,由中央的峡部和左右两个侧叶构成,峡部有时向上伸出-锥体叶,它藉纤维组织和甲状腺提肌与舌骨相连。甲状腺由两层被膜包裹着:内层被膜叫甲状腺固有被膜,很薄,紧贴腺体并形成纤维束伸入到腺实质内;外层被膜包绕并固定甲状腺于气管和环状软骨上。 This is the normal appearance of the thyroid gland on the anterior trachea of the neck. The thyroid gland has a right lobe and a left lobe connected by a narrow isthmus. The normal weight of the thyroid is 10 to 30 grams. It cannot easily be palpated on physical examinat
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