材料科学基础(清华大学)-.pptVIP

材料科学基础Fundamental of Materials §1.2 Atomic bonding Ⅱ.Primary interatomic bonds 1. Ionic bonding Ionic bonding is always found in compounds that are composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements, elements that are situated at the horizontal extremities of the periodic table. 2. Covalent bonding Materials with covalent bonding are characterized by bonds that are formed by sharing of valence electrons among two or more atoms. 3. Metallic bonding Metallic bonding occurs in solid metals. In metals in solid state, atoms are packed relatively close together in a systematic pattern or crystal structure. Ⅲ.Secondary bonding （Van Der waals bonding) The driving force for secondary bonding is the attraction of the electric dipoles contained in atoms or molecules. An electric dipole moment is created when two equal and opposite charges are separated. London forces If the interactions are between two dipoles that are induced in atoms or molecules, we refer to them as London forces. 2. Secondary bonding 3. Mixed bonding Summary Examples and Discussions Exercise * * Prof: Tian Min Bo Tel: E-mail: tmb@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Department of Material Science and Engineering Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084 Lesson two Ⅰ.Bonding forces and energies FN : net force FA : attractive force FR : repulsive force For atomic systems: Bonding energies: Interionic Forces Z1, Z2＝number of electrons removed or added from the atoms during the ion formation e ＝electron charge a ＝interionic separation distance ε0＝permittivity of free space＝8.85×10-12C2/(N·m2) Interionic Energies Attractive energy Repulsive energy Example problem 2.1 If the attractive force between a pair of Mg2+and S2- is 1.49×10-8N and if the S2- ion has a radius of 0.184nm, calculate a value for the ionic radius of the Mg2+ ion in nanometers. Soluti