澳大利亚荷载规范应用.ppt

CIVL 2230 Introduction to Structural Concepts Design LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION A structural designer must endeavour to: provide a safe, reliable structure that performs satisfactorily the function for which it was intended; provide a structure that is economical to build and to maintain; Provide a structure that is aesthetically pleasing. The design process for any structure contains many steps, not all of which involve the structural designer, although he/she should be involved in most of them. These steps are: a prospective owner must arrange the financing necessary to build the structure; for a building, an architect and an engineer must study the applicable building by-laws and building codes to ensure that fire protection, health and safety requirements are met; for a bridge, an engineer must ensure that navigation clearances, and highway or railway geometric requirements are met; the structural designer must investigate the site to determine how site conditions will affect the structure (e.g., buried water mains on a building site); the form, shape and size of the structure must be determined; the probable loads (wind, earthquake, occupancy loads, snow, etc) must be estimated by the designer; the most suitable structural material, or materials, must be selected, with due consideration of required performance, cost, supply, transportation to the site and construction on the site; the structural designer must compare various structural systems and arrangements of structural members; a structural analysis must be performed to determine the forces which the anticipated loads will impose on the structural members; the structural designer must arrange and proportion the elements of the structure so that the expected loads are carried safely, and the elements and the structure as a whole perform satisfactorily; the structural designer must convey to the fabricator and erector, and also to the general contractor, his concept of the structure, principally by mean