10英语摘要写作summary.docVIP

abstract summary executive summary abstract: a statement summarizing the important points of a text.（摘要） 指面向专业读者的摘要，如学位文(dissertation)、学术刊物论文（journal paper）的摘要、学术会议论文（conference paper）的摘要及展示论文（poster）的摘要。 summary（概要, 综述） 一般指面向专业水平低一些的普通读者的摘要，读后能理解其大意、主要论点及新发现和见解等。但有时abstract、summary也可互换。如果正文前无abstract或executive summary，正文开始的第一段通常就是summary；如果前面有abstract，在短的论文中summary经常位于文章最后，功能相当于conclusion。 executive summary（概要） 通常指面向专业水平可能更低的公司、基金会决策人员的摘要，篇幅比abstract、summary长得多。在正式项目报告中可以既有abstract，又有executive summary。executive 在此指“执行官”“管理人员”“经理”等。 Summary Writing Accurate, clearly organized and clearly written A brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of the passage Indicate all the main points State their order and their emphasis For longer passages, important illustrations and examples should be included. Should not contain any of your own ideas, opinions, or conclusions. Length: no longer than one-quarter the length of the original passage Qualities of a summary: Objectivity: No idea and judgment that are not the author’s should be included in the summary. Completeness: The summary should include every main idea in the article. Balance: Giving equal attention to each main idea that the author stresses. Questions to judge a valid summary: Did I include all the important ideas? Did I omit all unnecessary words and phrases? Does the summary read smoothly? Would a reader of my summary who had not read the article get a clear idea of the article? How to write a summary? Here is a five-step process for writing summaries: Read the article carefully, try to understand it accurately and look for main ideas. Write a list of points in note form while reading the passage or the article. Connect your points to write a rough draft of the summary in your own words. Refer to the passage or the article only when you want to make sure of some points. Do not count the number of words until you have finished your rough draft. Revise the rough draft, inserting transitio