Policy instruments for environmental protection environment and sustainable development 培训资料.ppt

Policy instruments for environmental protection;Environmental policy instruments;Varieties of policy instruments;;US SO2 “Acid Rain” Trading Began in 1995Significant emissions reduction with 30% savings vs non-flexible methodsUS NOx Trading ProgramsCalifornia “RECLAIM” SO2 NOx, began 1994Northeastern states, began 1999Texas began 2002Expansion of NE states program (NOx SIP Call) to Midwest SE, 2004 UK ETSBegan in 2002 Chicago Climate ExchangeVoluntary GHG trading system; began late 2003 EU ETSBegan January, 2005;Acclaimed advantages of economic instruments;Common problems with economic instruments;“. . . Environmental policy implementation is often difficult given the lack of appropriate control, monitoring and start-up mechanisms. In some cases the legal framework for environmental management is diluted in numerous legal texts and throughout diverse institutions, and environmental matters are often delegated to several public institutions at different political levels. The creation of new policies and institutions does not always include a revision of previous legislation” (UNEP, 2000, referring to Latin America) ;A 3-stage model for environmental policy;Clean development mechanism;CDM projects over the world;;;;;;;Conclusions