pragmatics 大学英语语言学教材 大学二年级必用！！！.ppt

Searles classification of speech acts (Searles的言语行为分类) Searle classified illocutionary acts into: 1. representatives（阐述类）: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true (e.g. stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing) e.g. I am certain that he had got it. I think the film is moving. I swear I’ll protect American liberty. Searles classification of illocutionary acts 2. directives（指令类）: trying to get the hearer to do something (e.g. inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, ordering) e.g. I beg you to give me some money. I order you to leave right now. I suggest you’d better come here soon. Searles classification of illocutionary acts 3. commissives（承诺类）: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action (e.g. promising, undertaking, vowing) e.g. I am sure I will fulfill the task. I promise I will help you. * * pragmatics Consider the following examples: Example 1 In a coffee shop: A: What coffee would you prefer? B: Coffee Mocha. Example 2 Definition 1 the study of how speakers/writers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Consider the following example: Example 3 Definition 2 Pragmatics is the study of the speaker’s meaning: what does the producer of the message mean, why does he choose to express his idea in a certain way. (the speaker means more than what he is actually saying/ more information is conveyed than the semantic meaning of the utterance) Consider the following example: Example 4 The couple love their only son too much. (In this sentence, what is actually expressed by words is different from the actual meaning of the utterance.) Definition 3 Pragmatics is the study of relations between language and context. Questions to be answered: How do hearers manage to sort out which utterance or expression is to be taken at its face value? When is an utterance to be understood as conveying more than it actually presents? When is