skja_17 Imperfections in Crystals 材料科学基础（英文教材）.ppt

材料科学基础Fundamental of Materials Prof: Tian Min Bo Tel: E-mail: tmb@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Department of Material Science and Engineering Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084 Chapter Ⅴ Imperfections in Crystals Lesson seventeen §5.1 Introduction 1. Classification: Ideal or perfect crystal real or defect crystal According to dimension: point defect: vacancies, interstitial atoms line defect: dislocation planar defect: stacking fault volume defect: mosaic structure 2. Effects: physical properties (point defect) mechanical properties (dislocation) metallurgical properties (all of the defects) §5.2 Point defects Ⅰ.Classification： 1. Schottky defect: 2. Frenkel defect: only vacancies pairs of vacancy and interstitial atom. G G0 C (for FCC A≈1) or nv: the number of vacancies per cm3. Nv: the number of atoms per cm3. For ionic crystals: : 正离子空位 : 负离子空位 : 正离子间隙 : 负离子间隙 Schottky Frenkel Example 1. Determine the number of vacancies needed for a BCC iron crystal to have a density of 7.87g/cm3. The lattice parameter of the iron is 2.866×10-8cm. Solution: So, there should be 2.00－1.9971=0.0029 vacancies per unit cell. ? Calculate the concentration of vacancies in copper at room temperature (25℃). ? What temperature will be needed to heat treat copper such that the concentration of vacancies produced will be 1000 times more than the equilibrium concentration of vacancies at room temperature? Assume that 20,000 cal are required to produce a mole of vacancies in copper. Solution: ? The lattice parameter of FCC copper is 0.36151nm. ? In FCC iron, carbon atoms are located at octahedral sites at the center of each edge of the unit cell (1/2,0,0) and at the center of the unit cell (1/2, 1/2, 1/2). In BCC iron, carbon atoms enter tetrahedral sites, such as (1/4,1/2,0). The lattice para