浙江大学-海洋科学概论-海概复习总合集.docxVIP

邸雅楠Habitat of 230,000 known marine species, over 10million marine species estimated估计Nekton:自游生物marine mammals, fish, cephalopods头足类（章鱼） and crustacean甲壳纲类（海龟）Plankton:浮游生物 zooplankton（浮游动物） (Copepod 桡足类Jellyfish水母 Krill 磷虾Foraminiferans孔虫)phytoplankton（浮游植物）single-celled algae (micro-algae) and bacteriaBenthos（海底生物）:Zoobenthos（底栖动物） and phytobenthos（底栖植物）Multi-cellular algae （藻类）called by “seaweeds”（海藻） or macroalgae（大型藻类）thallus,（叶状体）photosynthesize（光合作用）Blades（叶片）, not true leaves they lack veins（叶脉）gas-filled bladders（气囊） or floats（漂浮物）or Pneumatocyst（气囊）maximize sunlight exposure. contain carbon monoxide (CO)the stipe（菌柄）, not found on all seaweedsA holdfast（固着器） holds the seaweed to the bottom. does not aid in gathering nutrientsChlorophyta = Green: Ulva (石莼/海白菜)Phaeophyta = Brown: Laminaria (海带)Rhodophyta = Red: Porphyra (紫菜)Flowering Plants（开花植物）Over 250,000 species exist worldwide,only a few of these exist in the marine communityThose plants that do exist there must have mechanisms（结构） for dealing with salinity（盐分）。These plants have true leaves, stems, roots and conducting tissues—Mangrove trees (Rhizophora, 红树木科)—Seagrasses—Salt marsh PlantsAnimalsClassification of animals phyla （界）, and then classes, orders, families, genus, and speciesinvertebrate does not refer to a strictly defined scientific group, it is a handy term（随意的术语） meaningInvertebrates are far more abundant in the ocean and on land than vertebrates are，about 97% of animals are invertebratesSponges (海绵动物)Cnidarians (腔肠动物)Flatworms (扁形虫)Ribbon worms (纽虫)Nematodes (线虫)Annelids (环节动物)Sipunculans (星虫动物)Echiurans (螠虫动物)Molluscs (软体动物)Arthropods (节肢动物)Bryozoans (苔藓虫)Phoronids (帚虫)Brachiopods (腕足类)Arrow worms (箭虫)Echinoderms (棘皮动物)Hemichordates (半索海生动物)Tunicates (被囊动物)Lancelets (文昌鱼) Invertebrate—The SpongesInvertebrate—The Cnidarians（刺细胞）Includes Corals（珊瑚）, Sea Anemones (海葵) and JellyfishUnique long stinging cells called: Cnidocytes (刺细胞)Long harpoon（鱼叉） like tubes called: Nematocyst (刺丝囊)When