(土壤学课件）1.Soil Mineral Material讲解材料.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Soil Mineral Material;Section 1 The chemical and mineral constitutes of soil parent minerals 一、The chemical constitutes of soil parent minerals;;;Distributive law ;;;;Relationship between soil particles and the mineral types ;Section 2 Clay Mineral;(1) Basic Building Blocks for Clay Minerals;Basic Building Blocks - 2;Silicate Clay Minerals;(2) Types of Clay Minerals;2 : 1 CLAY MINERALS ;2. Montmorillonite;3.Unit crystalline layer ;; 2:1:1 Clay minerals A layer of chlorite has 2 silica tetrahedra, an alumina octahedra, and a magnesium octahedra sheet. They are often called 2:2 or 2:1:1 type Clay minerals;4. Isomorphous Substitution;The regulation of Isomorphous Substitution in soil:;（二）、Types and general characteristics of silicate clay minerals;Properties: (1) 1:1 type （2）Almost no substitution of Al3+ for Si4+,or Mg2+ for Al3+ has occurred in kaolinite, so the net negative charge is low. （3）It does not shrink and swell. （4）The colloidal characteristics are weaker. ;Mineral construction of Kaolinit group ;;Properties: （1）2:1 type （2） Large expansion （3） Isomorphous substitution is common in Montmorillonite, which has most of charge. （4）The colloidal characteristics are strong. ;Mineral construction of Montmorillonite group;Properties： （1） 2:1 type （2） non-expanding （3）Large potassium ions holding adjacent layers together （4）Slight to moderate swelling;Mineral construction of Hydrous mica (illite) group;Chlorite group ;二、Sesquioxide clays (metal oxides and hydrous oxides);（二） Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3 or Al2O3·xH2O);1、风化递变学说 白云母经风化很容易形成水化云母，随着风化和淋溶程度的发展，云母类型矿物可能依次顺着伊利石、蛭石、蒙脱石、高岭石以至三水铝石的方向递变。; 粘土矿物也可能不是直接从原来的矿物变过来的，而是由化学风化所分离出来的简单风化产物在一定条件下重新组合沉淀而成。即：;二、我国土壤粘土矿物分布规律;（五）蛭石－高岭区 包括四川盆地、云贵高原、喜马拉雅山东南端。土壤粘粒中云母退居次要成分，以蛭石和高岭为主。东部蛭石尤多，并多三水铝石；西部蛭石较少，氧化物含量很 高，山地土壤中水云母含量随海拔高度升高而增加。四川盆地土壤中还有不少蒙脱石。 （六）高岭－水云母区 包括浙、闽、湘、赣大部和粤、桂北部。土壤中粘粒部分结晶差的高岭石为主。东部不少水云母和蛭石伴存，铁铝氧化物含量也显著增多。 （七）高岭区 包括