化学系专业外语课件4.Chapter 3 Nomenclature of Simple Organic Compounds教学讲义.pptVIP

Nomenclature of Simple Organic Compounds (简单有机化合物的命名) alcohol 醇 aldehyde 醛 aliphatic hydrocarbon 脂肪烃 alkane 烷烃 alkene 烯烃 alkyl group 烷基 alkyne 炔烃 amine 胺 aromatic compound 芳香化合物 carboxylic acid 羧酸 cycloalkane 环烷烃 ester 酯 ether 醚 functional group 官能团 isomer 异构体 isomerism 异构现象 ketone 酮 Carbon can form more compounds than any other element because carbon atoms are able not only to form single, double, and triple carbon-carbon bonds, but also to link up with each other in chains and ring structures. The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds is organic chemistry. Classes of organic compounds can be distinguished according to functional groups they contain. A functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule. 3.1 Classification of Organic Compounds Different molecules containing the same kind of functional group or groups undergo similar reactions. Thus, by learning the characteristic properties of a few functional groups, we can study and understand the properties of many organic compounds. According to functional groups, organic compounds are known as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. All organic compounds are derived from a group of compounds known as hydrocarbons because they are made up of only hydrogen and carbon. On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes—aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons do not contain the benzene group, or the benzene ring, whereas aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings. 3.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into alkanes, alkenes, and al