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自学考试英美国家概况-第二章.doc
Chapt?er
2
The Oirig?ins of a Natio?n
(
BC406?6)
1. Early? Settl?ers (5000 BC-55 BC)
Brita?in was origi?nally? a part of the Europ?ean conti?nent.
When
the last Ice Age ended? 7, 000 years? ago, melti?ng ice flood?ed thelow-
lying? lands?, creat?ing the Engli?sh Chann?el and the North? Sea,
and
turni?ng Brita?in into an islan?d.
1 -The lberi?am
The first? known? settl?ers of Brita?in were the Iberi?ans.
At about?
3000 BC durin?g the New Stone? Age, these? short?, dark and long
heade?d peopl?e came to Brita?in, proba?bly from the Iberi?an penin?su-
]a, now Spain?. They were farmi?ng folk who kept anima?ls and grew
crops?. The long barro?ws which? can still? be found?, mostl?y in the
chalk?y lands? of Wilts?hire and Dorse?t,
were their? commu?nal buria?l
mound?s.
More drama?tic monum?ents were the henge?s,
the most impor?tant
they were Celti?c pries?ts who arriv?ed
of which? was Stone?henge? in Wilts?hire, const?ructe?d befor?e 2000 BC.
Exact?ly why it was built? is unkno?wn but it must have had relig?ious
and polit?ical signi?fican?ce - Altho?ugh in popul?ar mytho?logy Druid?s are
assoc?iated? with Stone?henge?,
much later?.
17
2 .The Beake?r Folk
At about? 2000 BC the Beake?r Folk arriv?ed from the areas? now
These? forts?,
known? as Holla?:ad and the Rhine?land. These? peopl?e took their? name
from their? disti?nctiv?e bell-shape?d drink?ing vesse?ls with which? they
were burie?d in crouc?hing posit?ions in indiv?idual? grave?s. They
broug?ht with them the art of potte?ry makin?g, the abili?ty to fashi?on
bronz?e tools? and the custo?m of indiv?idual? buria?l.
their? own farmi?ng socie?ty and built? hill forts?.
They devel?oped
of
which? Maide?n Castl?e in Dorse?t is one of the fines?t examp?les,
be-
came small? forti?fied towns?.
3. The Celts?
now Franc?e, Belgi?um and south?ern Germa?ny.
The Celts?, a taffe?r and faire?r race than the peopl?e who had come
befor?e, began? to arriv?e about? 700 BC and kept comin?g until? the ar-
ri
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