国外心理学史2Hock6PPT课件.pptVIP

THE ONE; THE MANY…Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationshipsTriandis, et. Al Leah Brown, Elizabeth Flockhart, Denise Rye, Celeste Smith, Amy Sturm Background “Behavior never occurs in a vacuum”(211) Examples Personal space Friendship Parenting styles Family dynamics Background Theory: Individualism-Collectivism Model Used to explain large amounts of variation seen in human behavior, social interaction, and personality Explain differences in people and/or groups How? Collectivist Cultures: individual needs, desires, etc. are secondary to those of the group (Asia) Individualistic Cultures: Higher value on the needs and accomplishments of the individual rather than the group (United States) Method Three studies Self-report questionnaires Hypothetical vignettes Study #1 300 Psych. Undergrads from U of Chicago 158 item questionnaire measuring tendency toward collectivism vs. individualistic beliefs and behaviors Five scenarios-hypothetical social situations Findings 50% of variation in responses explained by three factors Self-reliance Competition Distance from in-groups 14% explained by “concern for ingroup” There is more concern for an individual’s own self than for the group Study # 2 91 students from U. of Chicago 97 Puerto Rican students 150 Japanese students 106 older Japanese individuals Study #2 144 item questionnaire measuring collectivist characteristics Items from questionnaire show previous studies deal with three collectivist-related tendencies Concern for in-group Closeness of self to in-group Subordination of own goals to in-group goals Findings Japanese students more concerned with opinions of friends and coworkers in relation to U. of Chicago. No relation between Puerto Rican students and others Japanese students found less conformity than Chicago students because of Westernizing Evidence that this has changed: the 106 older Japanese individuals showed more conformity Warnings for Study #2