【豆丁精选】己糖激酶.pptVIP

Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate PathwayGlycolytic pathway;Fermentation;substrate channeling;Pentose phosphate pathway. The chemistry of glucose catabolism was elucidated over about 100 years The anaerobic breakdown (fermentation) of glucose to ethanol and CO2 by yeast has been exploited for many centuries in baking and winemaking. Scientific investigation of the chemistry of glucose breakdown began in the mid-19th century. The complete pathway was described around 1940. D-glucose occupies a central position in metabolism Understanding sugar catabolism occupied a central position in the development of biochemistry Where cell-free fermentation with yeast extract was first observed by Buchner (1897): the vitalistic dogma was shaken and metabolim became chemistry. Where phosphorylated intermediates were first discovered (Harden and Young, 1900s). Heat-labile, nondialyzable enzymes were distinguished from the heat-stable, dialyzable coenzymes (e.g., NAD+). Muscle enzymes involved in the production of lactic acid were found to be astonishingly similar to the yeast enzymes involved in alcohol production. ATP was revealed to be an energy currency. The whole pathway of glycolysis (arbitrarily defined as from glucose to pyruvate) containing ten steps of chemical reactions with each catalyzed by a specific enzyme, was elucidated by the 1940s. Glucose is first phosphorylated at C-6: consuming ATP Glucose 6-P is then converted to fructose 6-P: via isomerization Fructose 6-P is then phosphorylated at C-1: ATP consuming The six-carbon fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is then cleaved into two different triose phosphates Interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-P then occurs Glyceraldehyde 3-P is then oxidized to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate A Cys residue is involved in the catalysis of glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase The phosphoryl group linked to the carboxyl group of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is then transferred to ADP to form ATP