CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Columbia University in the City of 经典条件反射-在哥伦比亚大学城.pptVIP

Categories Of Behavior CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Context of embarrassing situation -?blushing Odor of food that once made you sick -?nausea Sight of parent while raiding cookie jar -?fear Thorndike’s Puzzle Box B.F. Skinner1904-1990 Pigeon in Operant Chamber Pigeon in Operant Chamber Animal Learning Lab-200C Schermerhorn Hall Animal Learning Lab-200C Schermerhorn Hall Instrumental Conditioning Doing chores -? money Doing chores -? praise Telling a lie to avoid blame -? avoidance Putting on a coat to remove - removal chill Getting a speeding ticket - punishment Basic Conditioning Procedures Instrumental conditioning Type R conditioning Operant conditioning Trial and Error Learning Pavlovian Conditioning Type S Conditioning Respondent Conditioning Type S vs. Type R Conditioning LAW OF EFFECT Thorndike: Responses that are followed by pleasurable effect is stamped in; responses followed by unpleasurable (painful events) are stamped out. Skinner: Rate of emitting responses that are followed by a positive reinforcer is increased; by a negative reinforcer is decreased. Thorndike: Responses trained by trial and error. Skinner: Responses shaped by method of successive approximation. TYPES OF REINFORCERS Positive primary [S+R] food, drink, odors secondary [S+r] approval, money Negative Primary [S-R] loud noise, shock, bright light Secondary [S-r] angry look, bad grade, fine INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING (Type R) 2-term contingency: response - reinforcement R - SR (bar press) - (food) Nature of reinforcer can vary: Positive - S+R, S+r Negative - S-R, S-r Primary - S+R, S-R Secondary - S+r, S-r CONTINGENCIES OF REINFORCEMENT: R- S+R Reward training (primary reinforcement) R- S-R Punishment (primary reinforcement) R- S+r Positive secondary reinforcement R- S-r Negative secondary reinforcement R removes S-R Escape training R