资格英语-托福模拟.docVIP

托福模拟58 READING ? ?The Reading section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. You will read passages and answer questions about them. Answer all questions based on what is stated or implied in the passages. ? ?You will read four passages. You have 80 minutes to read the passages and answer the questions. ? ?Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive. ? ?Some passages include a word or phrase in bold type. For these words and phrases, you will see a definition in a glossary at the end of the passage. Set 1 POPULATION ECOLOGY ? ?1 Population ecology is the science that measures changes in population size and composition and identifies the causes of these fluctuations. Population ecology is not concerned solely with the human population. In ecological terms, a population consists of the individuals of one species that simultaneously occupy the same general area, rely on the same resources, and are affected by similar environmental factors. The characteristics of a population are shaped by its size and by the interactions among individuals and between individuals and their environment. ? ?2 Population size is a balance between factors that increase numbers and factors that decrease numbers. Some factors that increase populations are favorable light and temperature, adequate food supply, suitable habitat, ability to compete for resources, and ability to adapt to environmental change. Factors that decrease populations are insufficient or excessive light and temperature, inadequate food supply, unsuitable or destroyed habitat, too many competitors for resources, and inability to adapt to environmental change. ? ?3 An important characteristic of any population is its density. Population density is the number of individuals per unit, such as the number of maple trees per square kilometer in a county. Ecologists can rarely determin