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Penicillin No Longer the “Wonder Drug” What Is Penicillin? A class of antibiotics that comes from mold. Discovered by accident in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, is the first anitbiotic. Penicillin antibiotics include ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, 1st-4th generations. 50 drugs that are now classified as penicillin. Use in WWII and after. How Penicillin Works Resembles a protein needed for production of cell wall. Penicillin binds to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking, and lyses it. Bacteria Can reproduce in 20 minutes. Have a single chromosome and plasmids which contain spare genes. Make copies of plasmids with resistant gene on them, passed on to offspring or other bacteria through conjugation. Resistance Bacteria are resistant when they can break down the penicillin or disguise themselves. Staph breaks penicillin in half with a protein. Bacteria produce branched muropeptides, instead of single ones. Bacteria rebuild PBPs (penicillin binding proteins). Penicillin resistance started to show in the 1940’s, in 1960 50% of bacteria were resistant. Genes for Resistance murM and murN. Help in producing branched muropeptides. When activated, genes provide penicillin resistance. When inactivated, bacteria is no longer resistant. For resistance, bacteria need to have altered PBPs and activated murM and murN genes. Resistant Bacteria S. aureus S.pneumoniae Bacteria that causes gonorrhea, syphilis, and gangrene. No strep resistance. High Resistance Hospitals. Small children, especially those in daycare. Upper and middle class white families living in suburbs. Children who had medication in the last 3 months. Food eaten from livestock that received penicillin. How to Prevent Resistance Take full course of antibiotics. Take medication only for bacterial infections. Alternative to penicillin- garlic, sandalwood oil. Vaccinations. Conclusion Penicillin resistance is a problem all over the world. Resulted from unnecessary use of penicillin