抗生素英文课件精品Evolution and human .ppt

Chapter 14 Evolution and human health The germ theory of disease was one of the most important breakthroughs in medicine. Louis Pasteur in 1858 proposed that diseases were caused by microorganisms. Within a few years the bacteria responsible for diseases such as anthrax, gonorrhea, typhoid fever and tuberculosis had been identified. Anti-bacterial developments Infection-fighting developments followed soon thereafter. Antiseptic surgery was developed by Joseph Lister, improved housing and sanitation reduced infection rates, and the discovery of antibiotics allowed infections to be treated. Anti-bacterial developments As a result of these developments, death rates from infection declined rapidly. By 1997 the TB death rate was 0.4 per 100,000, less than 0.2% of the 1900 death rate. By the end of the 1960’s the medical community considered that infectious disease had been conquered. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance Unfortunately, pathogens have evolved in response to the selection pressures imposed by medicine. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria and the first antibiotic was penicillin isolated from the mold Penicillum by Alexander Fleming. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance Penicillin saved thousands of lives in World War II and subsequently. Today, however, penicillin is ineffective against bacteria that previously were highly vulnerable and many bacteria have evolved resistance to multiple antibiotics. As a result, infectious diseases have reemerged as a significant threat. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance There is clear evidence that use of antibiotics selects for resistance in bacteria. Studies have documented the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations within individual patients and also in larger-scale studies of human and bacterial populations. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance For example, researchers have found that the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is higher among patients wh