Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage - Biology at Clermont ：脊柱和胸廓在克莱蒙特-生物学.ppt

Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage Nestor T. Hilvano, M.D., M.P.H. (Illustrations Copyright by Frederic H. Martini, Pearson Publication Inc., and The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.) Learning Objectives You should be able to: Describe the general features and functions of the vertebral column. Identify and describe the special features of the vertebrae in different regions of the vertebral column and discuss the functional significance of the regional differences. Describe the anatomy of the sternum and ribs and how ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae. Compare and contrast scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Explain herniated disc of lower back as to structural and functional involvement. Vertebral Column ___________ and ___________ discs vertebral groups 7 cervical in the neck 12 thoracic in the chest 5 lumbar in lower back 5 fused sacral 4 fused coccygeal Newborn Spinal Curvature Spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve Known as primary curvature at birth Adult Spinal Curvatures S-shaped vertebral column Secondary curvatures develop several months after birth lifting head as it begins to crawl develops C________ curvature walking upright develops L________ curvature Abnormal Spinal Curvatures ___________ – abnormal lateral curvature of spine __________ - is a hump- backed, from osteoporosis or abnormal vertebral growth __________ - bending backward or swayback, from weak abdominal muscles Figure 7-18 Vertebral Anatomy Articular processes Vertebral arch Vertebral body The major components of a typical vertebra Spinous process Inferior articular process Superior articular process Transverse process Inferior articular facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Vertebral body An inferior view of a vertebra A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae Arrow passing through vertebral canal Vertebral body Inferior articular facet An posterior view of three articulated vertebrae Inferior articular process Vertebral body Transverse process I