X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)X射线光电子能谱（XPS）.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ti Metal Ti Oxide Electronic EffectsSpin-Orbit Coupling Monopole transition: Only the principle quantum number changes. Spin and angular momentum cannot change. Shake-up: Relaxation energy used to excite electrons in valence levels to bound states (monopole excitation). Shake-off: Relaxation energy used to excite electrons in valence levels to unbound states (monopole ionization). Results from energy made available in the relaxation of the final state configuration (due to a loss of the screening effect of the core level electron which underwent photoemission). L(2p) - Cu(3d) Final State Effects- Shake-up/ Shake-off Final State Effects- Shake-up/ Shake-off Ni Metal Ni Oxide Final State Effects- Multiplet Splitting Following photoelectron emission, the remaining unpaired electron may couple with other unpaired electrons in the atom, resulting in an ion with several possible final state configurations with as many different energies. This produces a line which is split asymmetrically into several components. Electron Scattering Effects Energy Loss Peaks Photoelectrons travelling through the solid can interact with other electrons in the material. These interactions can result in the photoelectron exciting an electronic transition, thus losing some of its energy (inelastic scattering). eph + esolid e*ph + e**solid Electron Scattering EffectsPlasmon Loss Peak Electron Scattering EffectsPlasmon Loss Peak Quantitative Analysis by XPS For a Homogeneous sample: I = NsDJLlAT where: N = atoms/cm3 s = photoelectric cross-section, cm2 D = detector efficiency J = X-ray flux, photon/cm2-sec L = orbital symmetry factor l = inelastic electron mean-free path, cm A = analysis area, cm2 T = analyzer transmission efficiency Quantitative Analysis by XPS N = I/sDJLlAT Let denominator = elemental sensitivity factor, S N = I / S Can describe Relative