1.解剖学总论和骨学、关节总论、躯干骨及连接.pptVIP

Levels of Structural Organization surgical anatomy Organic material有机质: 约占1/3，主要为胶原纤维+粘多糖，赋予骨韧性和弹性。 Inorganic material无机质：约占2/3，主要为磷酸钙51.25%、碳酸钙11.39%、氯化钙2%、磷酸镁1.16%、磷酸钠+氯化钠1.2%、骨胶原33%，赋予骨以硬度。 The Arthrology关节学 Concept: The bones are connected together by fibrous（纤维）, cartilaginous（软骨）or osseous（骨） at different parts of their surfaces. Classification：There are two major types of articulation or joint（关节）. Continuous joints 直接连结. Discontinuous joints 间接连结(synovial joints 滑膜关节). Continuous joints直接连接: without any cavity between the bones. Fibrous joints 纤维连结: bones are united by fibrous connective tissue, eg. the crural (小腿) interosseous membrane. Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilage，eg. Intervertebral dics（椎间盘）. The Synovial joints 滑膜关节 ⅠBasic structures Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨. Articular capsule 关节囊 Fibrous membrane纤维膜 Synovial membrane 滑膜 Articular cavity关节腔: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric (negative) pressure in it. ⅡAccessory structures辅助结构 1.Ligaments韧带(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带 2.Articular disc关节盘 3.articular labrum 关节唇: Synovial fold滑膜襞 synovial bursa滑膜囊 Ⅲ The movements of joints关节的运动 Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸 Adduction and abduction 收和展 Rotation 旋转 Medial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外 Pronation and supination旋前和旋后 Inversion and eversion 足内翻和足外翻 Circumduction 环转 ⅡArticulations of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结 The vertebral column 脊 柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, one sacrum and one coccyx. Ⅰ) Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage Herniation of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出 Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带 Covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral d