Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging An Introduction (Part II)临床磁共振成像导论（第二部分）.pptVIP

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Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging An Introduction (Part II)临床磁共振成像导论（第二部分）.ppt

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Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging An Introduction (Part II)临床磁共振成像导论（第二部分）

I will simplify the fundamental prinicples that apply to MRI and how it can provide so much information on anatomy and pathology through its unique ability to differentiate between all the tissues in the human body, but first a short history lesson. One of the physicists whose theories are fundamental to MRI today is actually from N Ireland. * In 1831 Gauss, a german mathematician + Physicist, developed a new knowledge in Magnetism including finding a representation for the unit of magnetism in terms of mass, length and time. In early 1900s, serbian Engineer Nikola Tesla pioneered work on electromagnetic induction and now the TESLA is the unit of measurement for magnetic field strength. But a N Irish man was also conducting work on magnetism and particle Frequency. * * To me, this is the grandfather of MRI as we know it today, but he could not have foreseen the influence it he had on modern medicine. Although from humble beginnings in Co Antrim, he had a distinguished career in electron physics, and in late 1800s he came up with what we now know as the Larmour equation. * This equation expresses the relationship between an external magnetic field ( B0) and the frequency, or speed, known as the larmour frequency, at which particles will spin/ resonate when exposed to a certain magnetic field strength. This relationship between the spinning motion of particles and the strength of the magnetic field is fundamental to the pnenomenon of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, the theory behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging, so lets look at in more detail. First Focus on Nuclear : Take any particle or atom, made up of protons, neutrons + electrons. if that atom has a single positive charge, it will spin on its own axis ( precess), create an associated magnetic field and represent a directional magnetic moment. ( represented by the blue arrow ) * Now, focus on Magnetic – and if we then put the magnetic moment, or several of them, in an external magnetic field we get