聂刘旺(第六章) 原核基因表达调控(2012年)PPT.ppt

Chapter 6 原核生物的基因表达调控Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes ;3、基因表达调控的主要层次：; 原核生物： Transcription often is controlled at the stage of initiation. Transcription is not usually controlled at elongation, but may be controlled at termination to prevent transcription from proceeding past a terminator to the gene(s) beyond. This is the primary control strategy for bacterial gene expression. ;真核生物： In eukaryotic cells, processing of the RNA product may be regulated at the stages of DNA、 RNA、 Protein、modification, splicing, transport, or stability. 将在真核生物调控中介绍 ;;Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes ;二、原核生物基因表达调控总论;2、正调控和负调控 正调控（positive regulation)： 负调控（negative regulation): 正调控和负调控是按照没有调节蛋白质存在的情况下，操纵子对于新加入的调节??白质的响应情况而定义的。 P: 232;负调控系统;3、原核生物基因调控的几种类型：;Negative control;4、应急反应： 空载tRNA可引起焦磷酸转移酶激活，产生 ppGpp或pppGpp，从而激活细胞产生一系列的反应。;三、乳糖操纵子调控（Lac operon);In 1961, Jacob and Monod distinguished between two types of sequences in DNA: sequences that code for trans-acting products; and cis-acting sequences that function exclusively within the DNA. Gene activity is regulated by the specific interactions of the trans-acting products (usually proteins) with the cis-acting sequences (usually sites in DNA). 1965年，两人共获得诺贝尔奖;Jacob and Monod;操纵子的定义;Operon: a unit of prokarytoic gene expression which typically includes: 1. Structural genes 2. Control elements 3. Regulator gene(s);Control element;Lactose operon: a regulatory gene and 3 stuctural genes, and 2 control elements;乳糖操纵子的结构;lacY;;酶的诱导——lac体系受调控的证据 ;The lacZ, lacY, lacA genes are transcribed from a single (lacZYA) transcription unit under the control of a signal promoter Plac . ;; The Lac operon repressor;Plac;; 2、 Lac的负调控 （1）Induction;i;Allolactose(异乳糖或别异乳糖） causes a change in the conformation of the repressor tetramer , reducing its affinity