实数的连续性定理及其应用研究.doc

摘 要 实数集合的连续性是实数系的一个基本特征, 它是微积分学的坚实的理论基础. 人们从不同的角度来描述和刻画实数集的完备性,得到了一连串的有关实数的连续性定理,其中包括:确界存在定理,闭区间套定理,单调有界收敛定理,聚点定理,有限覆盖定理,柯西准则,致密性定理等. 本文主要阐述实数集八个基本定理及其相关内容,而且在基于实数系连续性公理基础之上,顺序证明了这八个基本定理.首先用单个定理做基础来证明其它的定理,其中重点求证了有限开覆盖定理及区间套定理和其它定理间的等价关系；而后,运用和一般教材不同的证明顺序先后对八个定理进行了循环证明,继而得出定理之间相互等价；最后,介绍它们在研究连续函数性质方面的重要应用并进行了推广,获得了对实数集完备性基本特征的更深刻的认识和理解. 关键词: 连续性；区间套；有限开覆盖；等价性 Abstract Continuity of the set of real numbers is basic character of the real number system, and it is stable theory background of calculus. People described and depicted it from different angles, and a series of continuous theorems of real numbers are obtained, including existence theorem of supremum, theorem of nested closed interval, bounded monotone convergence theorem, accumulation principle, the finite covering theorem, Cauchy criterion, the compactness theorem and so on. In this thesis, eight fundamental theorems and related contents for the real number set are described and the eight fundamental theorems are proved in a sequence based on the continuity axiom of real number system. First, with the single theorem, the other theorems are proved, in which the equivalence relation between the finite covering theorem, theorem of nested closed interval and other theorems are mainly discussed. Second, the cycle proof for the eight theorems are given one after another in the order which is different from general textbooks and their equivalence relations are obtained. Finally, their important applications in investigating the properties of the continuous functions are introduced and extended, and deeper understanding of the basic features of completion about the real number set is received. Keywords: Continuity; the Nested Interval; limited open covering; Equivalence 目 录 引 言 1 第一章 实数连续性相关概念及定理证明 3 1.1实数空间 3 1.1.1实数的定义与性质 3 1.1.2实数的定义与性质 3 1.1.3实数公理 5 1.1.4实数集的连通性 6 1.2实数连续型基本定理及证明 7 1.2.1 确界存在定理 7 1.2.2单调有界定理与区间套定理 9 1.2.3紧性定理 10 1.2.4 柯西准则 11 1.3实数基本定理的等价证明 11 1.3.1 基本定理循环例证 11 1.3.2用区间套定理证明其他定理 14 1.3.3用单