《Discrete Mathematics II教学-华南理工》6.3 Representing graphs and isomorphism.pptVIP

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《Discrete Mathematics II教学-华南理工》6.3 Representing graphs and isomorphism.ppt

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The number of vertices, the number of edges, and the degrees of vertices are invariants under isomorphic.However, when these invariants are the same, it does not necessarily mean that the two graphs are isomorphic. Example: The following two graphs are not isomorphic Isomorphism Isomorphism Example If isomorphic, label the 2nd graph to show the isomorphism, else identify difference. a b c d e f b d a e f c Are These Isomorphic? If isomorphic, label the 2nd graph to show the isomorphism, else identify difference. a b c d e Same # of vertices Same # of edges Different # of verts of degree 2! (1 vs 3) L23 * Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples Once you see that graphs are isomorphic, easy to prove it. Proving the opposite, is usually more difficult. To show that two graphs are non-isomorphic need to show that no function can exist that satisfies defining properties of isomorphism. In practice, you try to find some intrinsic property that differs between the 2 graphs in question. L23 * Q: Why are the following non-isomorphic? u1 u2 u3 u5 u4 v1 v2 v3 v4 Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples A: 1st graph has more vertices than 2nd. L23 * Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples Q: Why are the following non-isomorphic? u1 u2 u3 u5 u4 v1 v2 v3 v5 v4 A: 1st graph has more edges than 2nd. L23 * Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples Q: Why are the following non-isomorphic? u1 u2 u3 u5 u4 v1 v2 v3 v5 v4 A: 2nd graph has vertex of degree 1, 1st graph doesnt. L23 * Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples Q: Why are the following non-isomorphic? u7 u9 v7 v8 v9 u8 u1 u2 u3 u6 u4 u5 v1 v2 v3 v6 v4 v5 A: 1st graph has 2 degree 1 vertices, 4 degree 2 vertex and 2 degree 3 vertices. 2nd graph has 3 degree 1 vertices, 3 degree 2 vertex and 3 degree 3 vertices. L23 * Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples Q: Why are the following non-isomorphic? u1 u2 u3 u6 u4 u5 u7 u8 v1 v2 v3 v6 v4 v5 v7 v8 L23 * Graph Isomorphism-Negative Examples LEMMA: If G and H are isomorphic, then any subgr