晚清私塾洋教习探析.pdfVIP

摘 要 晚清，洋务教育面临师资匮乏的困境，学堂不得不通过聘请洋教习的方式充实教师 队伍。随着新式教育的发展，学堂对洋教习的需求日益增多。洋教习不断通过外国驻华 工作人员、清政府驻外官员等推荐来华。为加强对外籍教习的管理，防止出现纠纷，学 堂通常会与洋教习签订合同明定权限。 洋教习多分布在沿海及学务较发达省份的高等以上学堂，主要承担西学科目教学。 早期洋教习多传教士出身，其中有些还担任学堂总教习一职。戊戌以后具有高学历的洋 教习较多。由于所聘教习数量有限，他们往往一人教授多科。洋教习来华曾引起轩然大 波，国人对洋教习的态度经历了从抵制到接纳的转变。这一转变过程漫长而艰难，也是 近代化教育道路的缩影。 在引进洋教习的过程中，京师大学堂、北洋大学堂、山西大学堂三所官立学堂各具 特色。京师大学堂早期聘请欧美教习居多，后多聘请日本教习；北洋大学堂美国教习居 多，且洋教习学历较高；山西大学堂英国籍教习居多，且外籍教习总数居各省高等学堂 前列。 洋教习带来的西方先进的教育思想改革中国传统教育的弊端，促进了中国近代教育 的发展。但他们的活动也产生了诸如高等教育与初、中等教育脱节、语言隔膜、宗教渗 透等问题。尤其是争夺教育管理权引起的纠纷，包括清政府与列强争夺学堂管理权和列 强在中国划分教育范围、争夺教育领地的斗争。在与列强的交往中，清政府官员逐渐认 识到教育权的重要性。 关键词：洋教习 新式学堂 教育 教育权 III ABSTRACT During the late Qing Dynasty, the situation about shortage of talents forced the Qing government to enlarge the force of teaching by hiring foreign teachers. During the development of modern education, the foreign teachers were constantly introduced into China by the personal of foreign and envoy stationed abroad. For strengthening the management of foreign teachers and preventing disputing, the school and the foreign teachers usually made contracts to show the limits and rights. The most foreign teachers were in high schol along the coast and the provinces which education were developed. They undertook the task of teaching foreign subjects. Most early foreign teacher were missionary also the chief instructors. Some of them are the chief teachers.After the Wuxu Political Reform most foreign teachers had high education. Due to lack of teachers, most of them had to teach more subjects. The foreign teachers had shocked notthose. Chinese changed attitude to foreign teachers from rejection to acceptance. It was a long and difficult process, and also a microcosm o