曼昆微观Chap07.pptVIP

Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets Chapter 7 Revisiting the Market Equilibrium Do the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers?均衡与福利最大化 Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. Whether the market allocation is desirable is determined by welfare economics. Welfare Economics福利经济学 Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects影响 economic well-being. Buyers and sellers receive benefits收益 from taking part in 参与the market. The equilibrium in a market maximizes the total welfare of buyers and sellers. Welfare Economics Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product. 均衡是收益最大化的结果，因而，此时产品的消费者和生产者的福利达到了最大化。 Welfare Economics Consumer surplus消费者剩余 measures economic welfare经济福利 from the buyer’s side. Producer surplus生产者剩余 measures economic welfare from the seller’s side. Consumer Surplus Willingness to pay 支付意愿is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. It measures how much the buyer values买者评价的价值 the good or service. Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus减去 the amount the buyer actually pays for it. 消费者剩余＝意愿支付－实际支付 Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay... Consumer Surplus The market demand curve depicts描述 the various quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at different prices. Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay... Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve... Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve... Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve... Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve The area below the demand curve and above the price measures the consumer surplus in the market. 消费者剩余是需求曲线下方、价格以上的区域。 How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus... Consumer Surplus and Economic Well-Being Consumer surplus, the amount that buyer