蒸发汽化基础和使用毕业论文外文翻译.docxVIP

外文资料C1The basics of steam generation and use1.1 Why an understanding of steam is neededSteam power is fundamental to what is by far the largest sector of the electricity-generating industry and without it the face of contemporary society would be dramatically different from its present one. We would be forced to rely on hydro-electric power plant, windmills, batteries, solar cells and fuel cells, all of which are capable of producing only a fraction of the electricity we use.Steam is important, and the safety and efficiency of its generation and use depend on the application of control and instrumentation, often simply referred to as CI. The objective of this book is to provide a bridge between the discipline of power-plant process engineering and those of electronics, instrumentation and control engineering.I shall start by outlining in this chapter the change of state of water to steam, followed by an overview of the basic principles of steam generation and use. This seemingly simple subject is extremely complex. This will necessarily be an overview: it does not pretend to be a detailed treatise and at times it will simplify matters and gloss over some details which may even cause the thermodynamicist or combustion physicist to shudder, but it should be understood that the aim is to provide the CI engineer with enough understanding of the subject to deal safely with practical control-system design, operational and maintenance problems.1.2 Boiling: the change of state from water to steamWhen water is heated its temperature rises in a way that can be detected (for example by a thermometer). The heat gained in this way is called sensible because its effects can be sensed, but at some point the water starts to boil. But here we need to look even deeper into the subject. Exactly what is meant by the expression boiling? To study this we must consider the three basic states of matter: solids, liquids and gases. (A plasma, produced when the atoms in a gas become ionised