哲学心理学和教育社会学概论.ppt

Introduction To Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology of Education Created by Jeff Strauss MA Educational Foundations Branches of Study Philosophical Theories of Human Existence: Pre-Socratic, Medieval, Modern, 19th and 20th Century Theories of Human Behavior and Development: Biological, Religious, Psychological, Behavioral, Socio-cultural Historical Eras: Ancient, Dark Ages, Enlightenment, Age of Reason, Modernism, Industrial, Information Sociological Theories of Society and Cultures: Structuralism, Conflict Theory, Marxism, Critical Theory, Post-Modernism Philosophy Thales (624-546 B.C.E) “Everything is made of water” 25 Centuries Since Philosophy and Science Have altered only 1 word Everything is made of water Everything is made of air Everything is made of the indeterminate boundless Everything is made of fire Everything is made of numbers Everything is made of atoms Everything is made of quarks Socrates (470 to 399 B.C.E) “The unexamined life is not worth living” This statement sets the stage for a revolutionary progression of Western thinking. That the individual is responsible to answer questions such as What meaning do I want to give my life? How should I live? What really matters? What is truth and how can I know it. Intrinsic Value Plato and the Allegory of the Cave Plato viewed the world of appearances as an illusion True knowledge (ideas) could not be sought through the senses Wisdom requires us to see beyond sense experience and to learn about the underlying first principles and causes of things. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) Aristotle collapsed the physical world of matter (the realm of appearances) and the world of ideas to explain change. He saw the soul as not independent of the physical body He invented the syllogism (deductive logic) as well as inductive logic THE DARK AGES Decent into The Darkness Marcus Aurelius (121-180) 14th Emperor of Rome. He regarded Christians as the most subversive and dangerous element within the Roman Empire and warned