2015各区县培训脊髓灰质炎诊断与鉴别课件.pptVIP

首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院-神经内科 脊髓灰质炎与AFP症状监测 3 脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis) 脊髓灰质炎（简称脊灰，俗称小儿麻痹） 是由脊灰病毒引起的急性消化道传染病 病毒主要侵犯脊髓灰质前角细胞的运动神经元 部分病人留有永久的肢体瘫痪后遗症，是致残的主要疾病之一 握有手杖,脊髓灰质炎式脚残的牧师 埃及石碑 （1403-1365 BC） 脊髓灰质炎概述 1789年，英国内科医生Michael Underwood首次描述临床特征 1952年是迄今为止疫情最严重的一年，美国报告的病例为57628例 1953年人类在应对脊髓灰质炎上取得重大突破，美国微生物学家Jonas Salk研发第一个有效的脊髓灰质炎疫苗（IPV） 1960年Albert Sabin发明口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV） 1988年世界卫生大会决定到2000年根除该病。 WHO先后于1998年、2000年、2002年确认泛美地区、西太平洋地区（包括中国）、欧洲已经根除脊髓灰质炎 2012阿富汗、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦三个国家仍有官方报道脊髓灰质炎病例 While polio is a distant memory in most of the world, the disease still exists in some places and mainly affects children under five. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. Polio continues to paralyse children We are 99% of the way to eradicating polio globally！ In 1988, when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was formed, polio paralysed more than 350 000 people a year Since that time, polio case numbers have decreased by more than 99% three countries never stopped transmission of polio Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan They face a range of challenges such as insecurity, weak health systems and poor sanitation. Polio can spread from these endemic countries to infect children in other countries with less-than-adequate vaccination. polio can be completely eradicated There are three strains of wild poliovirus, none of which can survive for long periods outside of the human body If the virus cannot find an unvaccinated person to infect, it will die out Type 2 wild poliovirus was eradicated in 1999. cheap and effective vaccines available OPV-oral polio vaccine (1960- Albert Sabin) IPV-inactivated polio vaccine (1953- Jonas Salk) OPV is an oral vaccine, it can be administered by anyone, even volunteers One dose of OPV can cost as little as 11 US cents. global effort to eradicate polio is the largest public-private partnership for public health the largest-ever internationally-c