Presentation Atypical Cutaneous LeishmaniasisPowerPoint演示文稿非典型性皮肤利什曼病课件.ppt

TransplantationMCB150Beatty Grafts A graft is a transfer of tissue. Autograft is a graft on same animal. Isograft is a tissue transfer between genetically identical animals -- human twins or inbred mice of same strain. Allograft is graft between genetically different members of same species. Xenograft is a graft between different species. Mouse Experiments Graft rejection Rejection is initiated by adaptive immunity causing inflammation and necrosis leading to death of tissue. Mouse ExperimentsFirst-set rejection Second-set rejectionRejection is quicker because of the presence of alloreactive memory T cells. Human Transplantation Most human transplants are allografts. Rejection, defined clinically, is a result of alloreactive immune response. Challenge is to control alloimmune responses with drugs. Human Transplantation Human Transplantation Solid Organ transplant (kidney, liver, heart). Acute rejection: 10% of organs rejected. Chronic rejection: 5% of kidney and heart are lost yearly. Types of Clinical Rejection Hyperacute rejection. Pre-existing abs. Immediate inflammation from antibody binding and C activation resulting in tissue destruction. Acute Rejection. Abs/Th cell mediated. Immune response generated soon after transplant causes death of graft in first few weeks. Chronic rejection. CD4 and CD8 T cell mediated. T cells cause rejection months-years after transplant. Antibody Mediated Rejection (hyperacute rejection) Immune Mechanisms of Graft Rejection Chronic rejection T cell Mediated Activated CD4+ Th1 cells initiate DTH response with macrophages Damage by cytokines IFN-g, TNF-a, LT-a (TNF-b). All cause inflammation. CTL lysis of grafted tissue. Most of this is from Alloreactivity TCR is recognizing and responding to foreign MHC molecules. T cell mediated mechanisms in mice Alloreactivity Antigen Specific T cell clones can also be Alloreactive Normal ag specificity Allor