DNA fingerprinting (DNA指纹图谱).pptVIP

Historical background DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec. J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester He was studying the gene of myoglobin. What is DNA Fingerprinting? The chemical structure of everyones DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the base pairs. The information contained in DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the zipper. The different sequence Using these sequences, every person could be identified solely by the sequence of their base pairs there are so many millions of base pairs, the task would be very time-consuming Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter method, because of repeating patterns in DNA. These patterns do not, however, give an individual fingerprint, they are able to determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people. DNA Fingerprinting using VNTRs On some human chromosomes, a short sequence of DNA has been repeated a number of times. the repeat number may vary from one to thirty repeats these repeat regions are usually bounded by specific restriction enzyme sites cut out the segment of the chromosome containing this variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs ) identify the VNTRs for the DNA sequence of the repeat. Making DNA Fingerprints DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory procedure that requires six steps: 1: Isolation of DNA. 2: Cutting, sizing, and sorting. Special enzymes called restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific places 3: Transfer of DNA to nylon.The distribution of DNA pieces is transferred to a nylon sheet by placing the sheet on the gel and soaking them overnight. 4-5: Probing.Adding radioactive or colored probes to the nylon sheet produces a pattern called the DNA fingerprint. 4-6: DNA fingerprint. The final DNA fingerprint is built by using several probes (5-10 or more) simultaneously. Practical Applications of DNA Fingerprinting 1.Patern