水域生态学课件Ecosytem （中文版）.pptVIP

Ch.4 生态系统Ecosystem Basic Concepts of Ecosystem Matter Cycle in Ecosystem Energy Flow in Ecosystem Development, Evolution, and Equilibrium of Ecosystem 1. 生态系统的基本概念 1.1 生态系统定义 Tansley (1935) called the integration of organisms and the physical world they share the ecosystem. 群落与其非生物环境组成的统一体，即为生态系统Community plus physical environment is ecosystem. 一定空间中共同生活的所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间由于不断地进行物质循环和能量流动过程而形成的统一整体，即为～ Francis C. Evans (1956) summarized the essential points of this concept in brief assay: In its fundamental aspects, an ecosystem involves the circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activities. Photosynthesis, decomposition, herbivory, predation, parasitism, and other symbiotic activities are among the principal biological processes responsible for the transport and storage of materials and energy, and the interactions of the organisms engaged in these activities provide the pathways of distribution. The food chain is an example of such a pathway…. The ecologist, then, is primarily concerned with the quantities of matter and energy that pass through a given ecosystem and with the rates at which they do so. 群落和生态系统研究的区别 Community perspectives are grounded in evolutionary biology and focus on the dynamics of organism distribution and abundance Ecosystem perspectives are grounded in thermodynamics and focus on the dynamics of energy and materials through and around organisms 1.2 生态系统结构和功能 通过生态系统进行的物质循环cycling of matter和相关的能流flux of energy 为表现其结构和功能特征提供了基础 生态系统本身由三部分组成: 自养生物 (autotrophs), 固定太阳能的生产者; 异养生物 (heterotrophs), 利用生产者固定的能量和营养物，又将营养物还到系统的消费者和分解者; 死亡的有机物质和无机物质，作为短期营养库，维持系统内营养物循环. 生态系统功能的最基本过程是光合作用和分解作用. 1.3 生态系统的类型 按环境性质： 水域生态系统(Aquatic Ecosystem) 海洋生态系统(Marine Ecosystem): 海岸带、浅海带（大陆架、上涌带、珊瑚礁）、远洋带 淡水生态系统(Freshwater Ecosystem)：流水、静水 陆地生态系统(Terrestrial Ecosystem) 荒漠(desert) 冻（苔）原(tundra) 草原(grassland) 森林(forest) 湿地生态系统(Wetland Ecosystem) 生态系统的类型 按人类影响程度 自然生态系统：森林、草原、水域、沙漠、极地 半自然生态系统（驯化生态系统）