AluminumFulvic Interactions mechanisms nd Application铝黄的作用机理及应用.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Coagulationsection 1Basic Mechanisms and Application Presented by Meng Li Review Basic processes of water treatment Outlines of this class 1 basic concepts of coagulation 2 backgrounds for Alum chemistry 3 interaction between colloidal particles and coagulants 4 main factors of particles removal efficiency Basic concepts of coagulation 1 destabilization(脱稳、凝聚): Particles lose their stability through charge neutralization 2 aggregation(絮凝): After destabilization, particles collide with each other and form larger particles 3 coagulation（混凝） Destabilization + Aggregation Backgrounds For Aluminum Chemistry Several Al coagulants are used widely for removing contaminants in the raw water: AlCl3, Al2(SO4)3.nH2O and PACl. The classes of Al species can be divided into four categories: Monomers and small polymers; such as Al and Al(OH)4-; medium polymers, such as Al7(OH)174+; large polymers, such as Al13(OH)347+ and Al(OH)3 Solids precipitate. And the solubility of Aluminum in equilibrium with solid Al(OH)3 will be greatly depend on the surrounding PH and the concentration of Aluminum. Background for colloidal particles Average particle size: 10-9 m High charge density Small molecular weight Hard to be removed Backgrounds for colloidal particles(2) Carboxyl(羧基） and phenolic groups（酚基） provide most of the negative charge that adds to the mobility of colloidal particles in the raw water. Apparently water quality problems related to these colloidal particles are color, taste and odor, corrosion and biological activity in water distribution systems, mobilization of toxic elements and micro-pollutants, and the formation of disinfection by-products such as THMs. Humic substances have a great tendency to adsorb to particles and increase their charges and stability. Basic machanisms of coagulation Two important mechanisms for colloidal particles removal are: (1) Charge neutralization-precipitation(CNP). The CNP consists of the reaction betw