Autoantibodies Bimarkers for Brain Injury Mohamed B Abou 自身抗体的生物标志物的脑损伤对穆罕默德B.ppt

Chemical-Induced Brain Injury Mohamed B. Abou-Donia, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina 27710 donia@duke.edu Brain Injury Little is known about the etiology of many brain diseases, such as Alzheimers Disease, Parkinsons Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Autism. Chemicals can cause brain injuries that resemble brain diseases, for example: a. Manganese causes brain injury similar to that of Parkinson’ disease b. Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity (OPIDN) has been misdiagnosed as Multiple Sclerosis. The Brain The brain contains approximately 200 billion cells (neurons) and a trillion supporting cells. Brain neurons are all formed before birth, and no new neuronal cells are born after birth. The Brain The brain requires one fifth of the oxygen and energy (glucose) consumed by the body to maintain its function. The hourly flow of blood through the brain is approximately 13 gallons, which accounts for one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart. Brain Regions The brain is divided into three sections: a. Forebrain: cerebrum, limbic system (amygdala,hippocampus, septum), thalamus, hypothalamus. b. Midbrain c.Hindbrain: Pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum Cerebral Cortex Language Vision Higher-order processing Movement Cerebral Cortex II Corpus striatum Degenerates in Parkinson’s Paralysis Loss of sensory input Loss of reasoning, judgment, memory, etc Limbic System Emotion Memory Consolidation Storage Working memory Movement Limbic System Emotion Memory Consolidation Storage Working memory Movement Cerebellum Motor learning Posture Gait Brain Supporting Cells Supporting cells continue to divide throughout life. A. Glial Cells: 1. Astocytes or astroglia: provide structural (Blood Brain Barrier) and nutritive support and form “glial” scar after injury. 2. Oligodendrocytes or oligodedrogli