CATALYSIS Fudamentals Applications催化原理及应用.pptVIP

* Start-Up Procedures Affect Catalyst Performance Activated Rapidly Activated as per manfacturers instruction * Temperature dependence of catalytic activity * Catalyst Preparation Formulation -1  Catalyst Formulation - Size and shape is a compromise between the wish to minimize pore diffusion effects( small size)and pressure drop( large size); - Pelleting,extrusion,granulation,spray drying; Choice depends on properties of powder, size/shape/density/ required strength of catalyst particle; -Loading of graded sized pellets. * Catalyst Preparation Formulation-2 Unsupported Metals - very high activity(small area adequate ) - High purity feedstock eg: NH3 ? NO ( Pt-Rh gauze). CH3OH ?HCHO (Ag granules) - Raney Ni,Co,Cu for H2 ion (residual Al2O3 present!). * Catalyst Preparation Formulation- 3 Fused catalysts. eg: Triply promoted Fe ( + Ca,K,Al as oxides) catalyst for NH3 synthesis. Fe3O4 + H2(N2 +H2) ? Fe(1600C) Melt the mixture at 1600 C,cool,crush,size. * Catalyst Preparation Formulation- 4 Wet methods of catalyst manufacture: (A) Precipitation :pH of precipitating medium critical !! (B)Precipitation-deposition: texture of support important. Influence of Ageing,digestion; filterability; washability of salts; * The pH of precipitation affects chemical composition, particle size and other physical properties of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 WGS shift catalyst * Catalyst Preparation Formulation- 5 Supported Metal(especially noble metals) Catalysts: Used Extensively in industry: -autoexhaust, diesel oxidation, DeNOx, stationary power sources - Hydrocracking,Naptha reforming,xylene isom, isomerisations, Hydrogenations, etc - Fuel cell catalysts - Major issues: high cost and loss of activity due to sintering . * Why the need for high dispersion of PM PM are expensive: hence impregnation and not coprecipitation Activity depends on metal surface area (MSA) MSA increases with dispersion * Metal Dispersion Metal Dispersion,