Dissociation Cross Sections and Rates for Nitroen氮的离解截面和速率.docVIP

Dissociation Cross Sections and Rates for Nitrogen David W. Schwenke NASA Ames Research Center MS T27B Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 U.S.A. david.w.schwenke@nasa.gov Abstract The N, N2 system is studied to yield rate coefficients and cross sections for molecular dissociation under conditions important for assessing nonequilibrium heating of hypersonic vehicles. First principle calculations are used to generate realistic nuclear interaction potentials, and these are used with accurate molecular dynamics to yield the fundamental data required for a rigorous treatment of nonequilibrium chemistry. 1.0 Introduction Space-craft entering planetary atmospheres must withstand significant heating as the aero braking arising from the interaction with the atmosphere converts kinetic energy of the craft into chemical energy. If the entry speed is low enough, e.g. less than about 11 Km/s, which is the entry speed for the space shuttle, the rates of the chemical processes are sufficiently fast that chemical equilibrium is an adequate model to describe the role of chemistry in the flow equations and to model the heating. When chemistry is in equilibrium, the chemical composition and chemical energy is determined by a single parameter, the local temperature. When entry speeds increase, the chemical time scales and flow time scales become more similar, and reliable predictions of heating are no longer possible without explicitly dealing with nonequilibrium chemistry. For example, the Stardust return capsule entered the earths atmosphere at about 12.6 Km/s, and nonequilibrium N2 dissociation played a significant role in predicting the shock heating. At even higher entry speeds, such as lunar return, nonequilibrium ionization is expected to play an important role. However, in contrast to the equilibrium situation where the local temperature controls everything, a reliable description of nonequilibrium chemistry is much, much more complicated. In the past,[1] the solution to the noneq