Expert Systems Computer cience Department Montana State 专家系统计算机科学系，蒙大纳州.ppt

Expert Systems and Their Applications John Paxton Montana State University August 14, 2003 Bozeman Definitions A model and associated procedure that exhibits, within a specific domain, a degree of expertise in problem solving that is comparable to that of a human expert. (Ignizio) An expert system is a computer system which emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. (Giarratono) Characteristics Operates in a narrow domain Separates knowledge from processing Can explain how a particular conclusion is reached Can explain why specific data is needed Permits inexact reasoning Can make mistakes Changes are easy to incorporate Components Program = Algorithm + Data Structure Expert System = Inference Engine + Knowledge Usage (2002) Why Use an Expert System? Helps preserve knowledge--builds up the corporate memory of the firm. Helps if expertise is scarce, expensive, or unavailable. Helps if under time and pressure constraints. Helps in training new employees. Helps improve worker productivity. Architecture Knowledge Base Contains facts  antacid (Imodium) Contains rules  if traveler (x) and stomach-pains (x) then take (y, antacid (y)) Inference Engine Rules that match working memory are identified and then fired. This updates working memory and the knowledge base. The process is repeated. Inference Engine Conflict Resolution fire all matching rules fire the first matching rule fire the highest priority matching rule fire the most specific rule fire the rule that uses the most recent data Inference Engine Forward Chaining. Starting with the data, a conclusion is reached. cat (Mulder) cat (x) ? mammal (x) Backward Chaining. Starting with a hypothesis, it works backwards to the data. Uncertainty Sources Weak implications Imprecise language (e.g. “often”) Unknown data Combining views of different experts Uncertainty Certainty Factors. Dempster-Shafer Theory. Bayesian Networks. Fuzzy Logic. Certainty Factors IF the light is