PowrPoint Presentation Sex amp; Sex RatioPowerPoint演示性amp；性别比.pptVIP

Sex and Sex Ratio What is sex? Why sex? Mechanisms of sex (gender) determination Sex (gender) ratio allocation What is sex? Genetic recombination What determines gender? Why Sex? The Costs. Cost of males - could produce twice as many females Cost of meiosis - recombination breaks up favorable gene complexes Finding a mate costs time and energy Why Sex? The Benefits. Prevents Muller’s Ratchet deleterious mutations accumulate in asexual lineages, not in sexuals Provides long term benefit Novel gene combinations are created Red Queen Hypothesis: need to create new gene arrangements to combat pathogen evolution Provides short term benefit Host sexuality and parasitism Some spp of snails are both sexual and asexual Sexual proportion (freq. of males) increases with infection by trematode parasites (Lively 1992) Sex determination Types Genetic (either chromosomal or genic) Environmental Social Influences the degree to which a female can alter the sex ratio of her offspring Chromosomal sex determination Distribution of sex chromosome heterogamety (numbers of families) Haplodiploidy Mechanism Haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs Diploid females develop from fertilized eggs Distribution all hymenoptera, thrips, scale insects, some beetles Environmental Sex Determination Incubation temperature Terrapins Turtles Alligators Social Sex Determination Many fish can undergo sex reversal Depends on mating system Example: dominant female in Anthias sea bass harem changes into male when territorial male disappears Sex Ratio Allocation: Null Model Sex Ratio Allocation: Null Model R. A. Fisher: Parental strategies should evolve towards equal investment in offspring of the two sexes If sex ratio falls below 50%, increased production of rare sex is favored Assuming random mating, rare sex will experience greater reproductive success Frequency-dependent selection leads to a 1:1 stable sex ratio Adaptive Sex Ratio Bias Maternal condition influences offspring investment (Trivers