STRUCTURE AND BONDING chemistryatdulwch home结构和键合chemistryatdulwich回家.docVIP

TOPIC 4: BONDING Properties of a substance depend on: its particles, e.g. atoms, molecules (polar or non-polar) or ions; its structure; this means how its particles are arranged with respect to each other; this includes spatial arrangement, angles and distances between the particles; how its particles interact with each other (= bonding); during such interactions only the valence electrons are involved. All bonds are electrostatic = attraction between opposite charges. In this topic we will study the various interactions between particles, and these are: 1. Ionic bonding 2. Covalent bonding 3. Intermolecular forces: hydrogen bond dipole-dipole Van der Waals forces 4. Metallic bonding How do atoms interact? A study of electron density maps (maps which show how electrons are distributed; high density means high probability of finding the electron) of a variety of substances show two main patterns. Pattern 1: The diagram below shows a sequence of electron density maps which show the distribution as two hydrogen atoms approach each other to make a hydrogen molecule. The number below each map indicates the distance between both nuclei. In the last three maps (2.0, 1.4 and 1.0) electrons from both atoms are being shared as they can move around both nuclei. This is also the case in the map below showing benzene. Pattern 2: The electron density maps around each particle do not join up with those of the other particles. This suggests that no sharing of electrons is occurring. 4. 1 Ionic bonding Mechanism Ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It is the result of electron transfer between metals from group 1, 2 and 3 to elements from group 6 and 7. Metal atoms lose OUTER electrons (low first ionization energy; especially alkali metals) becoming positive ions (cations); group 1 and group 2 metals (s-block metals) lose their valence electrons.