2-文本变异.pptVIP

* * 2 Text, Style and Frequency While talking about use and choice we took the author’s point of view. Now in turning to style as recurrence, pattern, frequency, we will shift to the reader’s point of view. The question we shall consider is: How do we as readers investigate the style of a text? What is the relationship between text, style and frequency? Generally, in looking at style in a text, one is not interested in choices in isolation, but rather at a pattern of choices — something that belongs to the text as a whole. How is a text produced? preference consistency frequency pattern style text writer/speaker preference consistency high frequency pattern 2.1 Deviance, Prominence and Foregrounding Deviation (statistical notion): language phenomenon against normal way of use or conventional language practice Qualitative deviation: deviation from the language code e.g. violation of rules of grammar, lexis, semantics, phonology He work here. Quantitative deviation: deviation from some expected frequency Prominence (psychological notion): linguistic highlighting or psychological saliency = actual effect of deviance on the readers Foregrounding: artistically motivated deviation, To foreground a feature is to achieve prominence. foregrounding deviance quantitative prominence foregrounding = qualitiative Can all deviances lead to prominence? The answer depends on a person’s stylistic competence —a capacity which we possess and exercise unconsciously and intuitively. It is likely that certain deviances do not reach the threshold of response, even for the most experienced, alert, and sensitive reader. 2.2 Modes of Deviation 1. Lexical deviation 2. syntactic Deviation 3. Graphological Devi